![]() Circinate balanitis - grey-white annular papules that coalesce to form “geographic” areas surrounded by a white-erythematous margin on the glans penis.HPV - multiple flesh-coloured and/or erythematous circinate lesions that become acetowhite after 5% acetic acid is applied.HSV - grouped vesicles on an erythematous base which may rupture, unveiling painful shallow, grey ulcers. ![]() Trichomonas vaginalis - superficial erosions may lead to phimosis (retraction of penile foreskin in uncircumcised persons).Aerobic infection - may see uniform erythema and local oedema.Anaerobic infection - foul-smelling and malodorous inflammation with or without discharge may be accompanied by tender inguinal lymph nodes.Candida balanitis - blotchy erythema with small red “satellite” papules or dry dull red areas.Specific clinical features can be characterised by the following examples. Itchiness, bleeding, and erythema of the glans penis.In general, clinical features include, but are not limited to: What are the clinical features of balanitis?Ĭlinical features of balanitis vary depending on the specific aetiology. Contact dermatitis ( irritant and allergic).Pseudoepitheliomatous, keratotic and micaceous balanitis.Lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans, BXO).Circinate balanitis ( reactive arthritis).Non-infectious aetiologies include, but are not limited to: Bacterial infection (second most common overall cause).Fungal infection (most common overall cause).Infectious aetiologies include, but are not limited to: genital lichen planus and psoriasis.īalanitis can be best categorised as infectious versus non-infectious aetiologies. Difficult to distinguish inflammation of the glans penis versus prepuce involvement in uncircumcised men therefore more frequently diagnosed with balanoposthitis.Uncircumcised men are at greater risk (approximately 68% increased lifetime incidence) as microorganisms, epithelial debris, and secretions may accumulate between the glans penis and overlying prepuce.Untreated balanitis can have a wide range of complications, such as urethral stenosis, phimosis, and malignancy.Ĭlick here for images of Balanitis Who gets balanitis?īalanitis is present in up to 6% of young men and has an approximate overall prevalence of 3-11%. Many urologic clinic visits are due to balanitis, which may be caused by infection, trauma, irritation to the glans penis, and allergic dermatitis. Inflammation often involves the foreskin, or prepuce, which is more appropriately known as balanoposthitis. Balanitis is an inflammatory condition of the glans penis (head of the penis).
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